For Current Students

Graduation

md´«Ã½¹ú²ú¾ç College has three graduations each year: May, December, and August. For information on submission of a dissertation, refer to the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences website.

Graduation Deadlines

For those wishing to graduate in either August or December, the deadline for submitting signed and approved copies of theses and dissertations is either August 1 or December 1.

For May graduates, the deadline for submission of signed and approved copies of theses and dissertations is April 1.

Resources

Contact the BCC Graduate Studies Committee at eranthie@bc.edu

Contact the Associate Director of Administration and Graduate Student Services dale.mahoney.1@bc.edu

Registration & Scheduling

Graduate Studies

For information on or assistance with registering for a graduate course, please contact:

Professor Eranthie Weerapana
Chair, Graduate Chemistry Studies
Merkert 214A
(616) 552-2931


Using WebElements, a periodic table database.


The values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry.

Fundamental Physical Constants / Naturkonstanten

English/German

Exponent (base 10) of decimal numbers: eÌýnÌý= 10^nÌý. Units are separated by spaces, positive numbers denote powers, all units to the right of the slash are in the denominator (negative powers).

Planck constantÌý/ Plancksches WirkungsquantumÌýh
ÌýÌýÌýÌý6.6260755e-34 J s
ÌýÌýÌýÌýh/(2 pi)Ìý= 1.05457266e-34 J s

Boltzmann constantÌý/ Boltzmannsche KonstanteÌýk_B
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý1.380658e-23 J/K

Elementary chargeÌý/ ElementarladungÌýe
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1.60217733e-19 C

Avogadro numberÌý/ Avogadrosche ZahlÌýN_A
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý6.0221367e23 particles/mol

Speed of lightÌý/ LichtgeschwindigkeitÌýc
ÌýÌýÌýÌý2.99792458e8 m/s

Permeability of vacuumÌý/ Permeabilität des VakuumsÌýmu_0
ÌýÌýÌýÌýmu_0Ìý= 4ÌýpiÌýe-7 T2 m3/J
ÌýÌýÌýÌý12.566370614e-7 T2 m3/J

Permittivity of vacuumÌý/ Dielektrizitätskonstante des VakuumsÌýepsilon_0
ÌýÌýÌýÌýepsilon_0Ìý= 1 /Ìý(mu_0 c^2)
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý8.854187817e-12 C2/J m

Fine structure constantÌý/ FeinstrukturkonstanteÌý1 / alpha
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý137.0359895

Electron rest massÌý/ ElektronenruhemasseÌým_e
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý9.1093897e-31 kg

Proton rest massÌý/ ProtonenruhemasseÌým_p
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1.6726231e-27 kg

Neutron rest massÌý/ NeutronenruhemasseÌým_n
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý1.6749286e-27 kg

Bohr magnetonÌý/ Bohrsches MagnetonÌýmu_B
ÌýÌýÌýÌýmu_B = eh/(4 pi m_e)
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý9.2740154e-24 J/T

Nuclear magnetonÌý/ KernmagnetonÌýmu_N
ÌýÌýÌýÌýmu_N = eh/(4 pi m_p)
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý5.0507866e-27 J/T

Free electron g factorÌý/ g-Faktor des freien ElektronsÌýg_e
ÌýÌýÌýÌý2.002319304386

Free electron gyromagnetic ratioÌý/ gyromagnetisches Verhältnis des freien ElektronsÌýgamma_e
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìýgamma_e = 2 pi g_e mu_B / h
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý1.7608592e11 1/s T
ÌýÌýÌýÌýgamma_e/(2 pi)Ìý= 28.024944 GHz/T

Electron magnetic momentÌý/ magnetisches Moment des ElektronsÌýmu_e

ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýmu_eÌý= -(1/2)Ìýg_e mu_B
ÌýÌýÌýÌý-9.2847701e-24 J/T

Proton gyromagnetic ratioÌý(H2O) / gyromagnetisches Verhältnis der Protonen in WasserÌýgamma_p
ÌýÌýÌýÌý2.67515255e8 1/s T
ÌýÌýÌýÌýgamma_p/(2 pi)Ìý= 42.576375 MHz/T

Proton magnetic momentÌý/ magnetisches Moment des ProtonsÌýmu_p
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1.41060761e-26 J/T

Proton-electron ratiosÌý/ Proton-Elektron-Verhältnisse
ÌýÌýÌýÌým_p/m_eÌý= 1836.152701
ÌýÌýÌýÌýmu_e/mu_pÌý= 658.2106881
ÌýÌýÌýÌýgamma_e/gamma_pÌý= 658.2275841 (protons in water)

Charge-to-mass ratio for electronÌý/ Ladungs-Masse-Verhältnis des ElektronsÌýe / m_e
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1.75880e11 C/kg

Atomic mass unitÌý/ Einheit der Atommasse amu
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1.66057e-27 kg

Bohr radiusÌý/ Bohrscher RadiusÌýa_0
ÌýÌýÌýÌý5.29177e-11 m

Electron radiusÌý/ ElektronenradiusÌýr_e
ÌýÌýÌýÌý2.81792e-15 m

Gas constantÌý/ GaskonstanteÌýR
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
ÌýR = N_A k_B
ÌýÌýÌýÌý8.3143 m2 kg/s2 K mol

Molar volumeÌý/ MolvolumenÌýV_mol
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý22.41383 m3/kmol

Faraday constantÌý/ Faradaysche KonstanteÌýF
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýF = N_A e
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý9.64846e4 C/mol

Proton g factorÌý(Lande factor) / g-Faktor des ProtonsÌýg_H
ÌýÌýÌýÌý5.585

Gravitational constantÌý/ GravitationskonstanteÌýG
ÌýÌýÌýÌý6.6732e-11 m3/kg s2

Acceleration due to gravityÌý/ ErdbeschleunigungÌýg
ÌýÌýÌýÌý9.80665 m/s2

Compton wavelength of the electronÌý/ Compton-Wellenlänge des ElektronsÌýlambda_c
ÌýÌýÌýÌýlambda_c = h / (m_e c)
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý2.42631e-12 m

Further Useful Constants / Weitere nützliche Konstanten

Atomic energy unitÌý/ atomare EnergieeinheitÌýHartree
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý1 Hartree =Ìýe^2 /(4 pi epsilon_0 a_0)
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìý1 Hartree = 2.625501e+06 J/mol (approx. 627.5 kcal/mol)

Useful Conversion Factors / Nützliche Umrechnungsfaktoren

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

Proton Larmor frequency
ÌýÌýÌýÌýnu_p = gamma_p/(2 pi) B
ÌýÌýÌýÌý
Ìýnu_pÌý= 42.5764 MHz/T (H2O)

EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, ESR)

Electron Larmor frequency
ÌýÌýÌýÌýnu_e = gamma_e/(2 pi) g/g_e B
ÌýÌýÌýÌýnu_eÌý[GHz] = 13.9962Ìýg B[T]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýgÌý= 0.07144775Ìýnu_e[GHz]/B[T]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýgÌý= 3.04199Ìýnu_e[GHz]/nu_p[MHz]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýBÌý[T] = 0.0234872Ìýnu_p[MHz]
Conversion of Units
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1 G = 0.1 mT
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1 T = 10 kG
ÌýÌýÌýÌý1 mT = 10 G
ÌýÌýÌýÌýA[MHz] = 2.80249Ìý(g/g_e) A[G]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýA[MHz] = 28.0249Ìý(g/g_e) A[mT]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýA[MHz] = 13.9962Ìýg A[mT]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýA[MHz] = 2.99792e4ÌýA[1/cm]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýA[1/cm] = 0.333564e-4ÌýA[MHz]
ÌýÌýÌýÌýA[1/cm] = 4.66863e-4Ìýg A[mT]

Metric Prefixes

Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals 9.26 kilometers).

PrefixSymbolLength, weight, or capacityAreaVolume
exaE10^1810^3610^54
petaP10^1510^3010^45
teraT10^1210^2410^36
gigaG10^910^1810^27
megaM10^610^1210^18
hectokilohk10^510^1010^15
myriama10^410^810^12
kilok10^310^610^9
hectoh10^210^410^6
basic unit-1 meter, 1gram, 1 liter1 meter^21 meter^3
decid10-^110-^210-^3
centic10-^210-^410-^6
millim10-^310-^610-^9
decimillidm10-^410-^810-^12
centimillicm10-^510-^1010-^15
microu10-^610-^1210-^18
nanon10-^910-^1810-^27
picop10-^1210-^2410-^36
femtof10-^1510-^3010-^45
attoa10-^1810-^3610-^54

Basic Units

English/German

lengthÌý/ Länge
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýmeter (British: metre) / Meter: m
massÌý/ Masse
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýkilogram / Kilogramm: kg
timeÌý/ Zeit
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýsecond / Sekunde: s
electric currentÌý/ elektrische Stromstärke
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýampere / Ampere: A
thermodynamic temperatureÌý/ thermodynamische Temperatur
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýkelvin / Kelvin: K
amount of substanceÌý/ Substanzmenge
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýmole / Mol: mol
luminous intensityÌý/ Lichtstärke
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýcandela / Candela: cd

SI Derived Units / Abgeleitete SI-Einheite

English/German

FrequencyÌý/ Frequenz
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýhertz: Hz = 1/s
ForceÌý/ Kraft
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýnewton: N = m kg/s2
Pressure, stressÌý/ Druck, mechan. Spannung
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýpascal: Pa = N/m2 = kg/m s2
Energy, work, quantity of heatÌý/ Energie, Arbeit, Wärmemenge
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýjoule: J = N m = m2 kg/s2
Power, radiant fluxÌý/ Leistung
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýwatt: W = J/s = m2 kg/s3
Quantity of electricity, electric chargeÌý/ elektrische Ladung
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýcoulomb: C = s A
Electric potentialÌý/ elektrische Spannung
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌývolt: V = W/A = m2 kg/s3 A
CapacitanceÌý/ Kapazität
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýfarad: F = C/V = s4 A2/m2 kg
Electric resistanceÌý/ elektrischer Widerstand
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýohm: Omega = V/A = m2 kg/s3 A2
ConductanceÌý/ elektr. Leitfähigkeit
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýsiemens: S = A/V = s3 A2/m2 kg

Magnetic fluxÌý/ magnetischer Fluß
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýweber: Wb = V s = m2 kg/s2 A
Magnetic flux density, magnetic inductionÌý/ Magnetische Induktion
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýtesla: T = Wb/m2 = kg/s2 A
InductanceÌý/ Induktivität
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýhenry: H = Wb/A = m2 kg/s2 A2
Luminous fluxÌý/ Lichtstrom
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýlumen: lm = cd sr
IlluminanceÌý/ Beleuchtungsstärke
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýlux: lx = lm/m2 = cd sr/m2
Activity (ionizing radiations)Ìý/ Radioaktivität
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýbecquerel: Bq = 1/s
Absorbed doseÌý/ Absorbierte (Strahlen-)Dosis
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýgray: Gy = J/kg = m2/s2Ìý
Dynamic viscosityÌý/ Dynamische Viskosität
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý pascal second: Pa s = kg/m s
Moment of forceÌý/ Drehmoment
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý meter newton: N m = m2 kg/s2
Surface tensionÌý/ Oberflächenspannung
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý newton per meter: N/m = kg/s2
Heat flux density, irradianceÌý/ Wärmeflußdichte
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìýwatt per square meter: W/m2 = kg/s3
Heat capacity, entropyÌý/ Wärmekapazität, Entropie
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý joule per kelvin: J/K = m2 kg/s2 K
Specific heat capacity, specific entropyÌý/ Spezifische Wärmekapazität, spezifische Entropie
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý joule per kilogram kelvin: J/kg K = m2/s2 K

Specific energyÌý/ Spezifische Energie
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýjoule per kilogram: J/kg = m2/s2
Thermal conductivityÌý/ Thermische Leitfähigkeit
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýwatt per meter kelvin: W/m K = m kg/s3 K
Energy densityÌý/ Energiedichte
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýjoule per cubic meter: J/m3 = kg/m s2
Electric field strengthÌý/ Elektrische Feldstärke
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌývolt per meter: V/m = m kg/s3 A
Electric charge densityÌý/ Elektrische Ladungsdichte
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýcoulomb per cubic meter: C/m3 = s A/m3
Electric displacement, electric flux densityÌý/ Elektrische Flußdichte
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýcoulomb per square meter: C/m2 = s A/m2

PermittivityÌý/ Influenz
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýfarad per meter: F/m = s4 A2/m3 kg
PermeabilityÌý/ Permeabilität
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý henry per meter: H/m = m kg/s2 A2
Molar energyÌý/ Molare Energie
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý joule per mole: J/mol = m2 kg/s2 mol
Molar entropy, molar heat capacityÌý/ Molare Entropie, molare Wärmekapazität
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý joule per mole kelvin: J/mol K = m2 kg/s2 K mol
Exposure (ionizing radiations)Ìý/ Exposition
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý coulomb per kilogram: C/kg = s A/kg
Absorbed dose rateÌý/ Absorbierte Dosisrate
Ìý Ìý Ìý Ìý gray per second: Gy/s = m2/s3

Ìý

cgs Units / cgs-Einheiten

erg
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 erg = E-7 J
dyne
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 dyn = E-5 N
poise
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 P = 1 dyn s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa s
stokes
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 St = 1 cm2/s = E-4 m2/s
gauss
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 G = E-4 T
oersted
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 Oe = (1000/(4 pi)) A/m
maxwell
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 Mx = E-8 Wb
stilb
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = E4 cd/m2
phot
ÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌýÌý1 ph = E4 lx

Ìý

Common Equivalent Weights and Measures

UnitsMetric EquivalentU.S. Measures
acre0.404 685 64 hectares43,560 feet^2
acre4,046.8564 meters^24,840 yards^2
acre0.004 046 856 4 kilometers^20.001 562 5 miles^2, statute
are100 meters^2119.599 yards^2
barrel, (petroleum, US)158.987 29 liters42 gallons
barrel, (proof spirits, US)151.416 47 liters40 gallons
barrel, (beer, US)117.347 77 liters31 gallons
bushel35.239 07 liters4 pecks
cable219.456 meters120 fathoms
chain (surveyor's)20.116 8 meters66 feet
cord (wood)3.624 556 meters^3128 feet^3
cup0.236 588 2 liters8 ounces, liquid (US)
degrees, Celsius(water boils at 100 degrees C, freezes at 0 degrees C)multiply by 1.8 and add 32 to obtain degrees F
degrees, Fahrenheitsubtract 32 and divide by 1.8 to obtain degrees Cwater boils at 212 degrees F, freezes at 32 degrees F
dram, avdp.1.771 845 2 grams0.0625 5 ounces, avdp.
dram, troy3.887 934 6 grams0.125 ounces, troy
dram, liquid (US)3.696 69 milliliters0.125 ounces, liquid
fathom1.828 8 meters6 feet
foot30.48 centimeters12 inches
foot0.304 8 meters0.333 333 3 yards
foot0.000 304 8 kilometers0.000 189 39 miles, statute
foot^2929.030 4 centimeters^2144 inches^2
foot^20.092 903 04 meters^20.111 111 1 yards^2
foot^328.316 846 592 liters7.480 519 gallons
foot^30.028 316 847 meters^31,728 inches^3
furlong201.168 meters220 yards
gallon, liquid (US)3.785 411 784 liters4 quarts, liquid
gill (US)118.294 118 milliliters4 ounces, liquid
grain64.798 91 milligrams0.002 285 71 ounces, advp.
gram1,000 milligrams0.035 273 96 ounces, advp.
hand (height of horse)10.16 centimeters4 inches
hectare10,000 meters^22.471 053 8 acres
hundredweight, long50.802 345 kilograms112 pounds, avdp.
hundredweight, short45.359 237 kilograms100 pounds, avdp.
inch2.54 centimeters0.083 333 33 feet
inch^26.451 6 centimeters^20.006 944 44 feet^2
inch^316.387 064 centimeters^30.000 578 7 feet^3
inch^316.387 064 milliliters0.029 761 6 pints, dry
inch^316.387 064 milliliters0.034 632 0 pints, liquid
kilogram0.001 tons, metric2.204 623 pounds, avdp.
kilometer1,000 meters0.621 371 19 miles, statute
kilometer^2100 hectares247.105 38 acres
kilometer^21,000,000 meters^20.386 102 16 miles^2, statute
knot (1 nautical mi/hr)1.852 kilometers/hour1.151 statute miles/hour
league, nautical5.559 552 kilometers3 miles, nautical
league, statute4.828.032 kilometers3 miles, statute
link (surveyor's)20.116 8 centimeters7.92 inches
liter0.001 meters^361.023 74 inches^3
liter0.1 dekaliter0.908 083 quarts, dry
liter1,000 milliliters1.056 688 quarts, liquid
meter100 centimeters1.093 613 yards
meter^210,000 centimeters^21.195 990 yards^2
meter^31,000 liters1.307 951 yards^3
micron0.000 001 meter0.000 039 4 inches
mil0.025 4 millimeters0.001 inch
mile, nautical1.852 kilometers1.150 779 4 miles, statute
mile^2, nautical3.429 904 kilometers^21.325 miles^2, statute
mile, statute1.609 344 kilometers5,280 feet or 8 furlongs
mile^2, statute258.998 811 hectares640 acres or 1 section
mile^2, statute2.589 988 11 kilometers^20.755 miles^2, nautical
minim (US)0.061 611 52 milliliters0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid or one-sixtieth of a dram
ounce, avdp.28.349 523 125 grams437.5 grains
ounce, liquid (US)29.573 53 milliliters0.062 5 pints, liquid
ounce, troy31.103 476 8 grams480 grains
pace76.2 centimeters30 inches
peck8.809 767 5 liters8 quarts, dry
pennyweight1.555 173 84 grams24 grains
pint, dry (US)0.550 610 47 liters.5 quarts, dry
pint, liquid (US)0.473 176 473 liters0.5 quarts, liquid
point (typographical)0.351 459 8 millimeters0.013 837 inches
pound, avdp453.592 37 grams16 ounces, avdp
pound, troy373.241 721 6 grams12 ounces, troy
quart, dry (US)1.101 221 liters2 pints, dry
quart, liquid (US)0.946 352 946 liters2 pints, liquid
quintal100 kilograms220.462 26 pounds, avdp.
rod5.029 2 meters5.5 yards
scruple1.295 978 2 grams20 grains
section (US)2.589 988 1 kilometers^21 mile^2, statute or 640 acres
span22.86 centimeters9 inches
stere1 meter^31.307 95 yards^3
tablespoon14.786 76 milliliters3 teaspoons
teaspoon4.928 922 milliliters0.333 333 tablespoons
ton, long or deadweight1,016.046 909 kilograms2,240 pounds, avdp.
ton, metric1,000 kilograms2,204.623 pounds, avdp.
ton, metric1,000 kilograms32,150.75 ounces, troy
ton, register2.831 684 7 meters^3100 feet^3
ton, short907.184 74 kilograms2,000 pounds, avdp.
township (US)93.239 572 kilometers^236 miles^2, statute
yard0.914 4 meters3 feet
yard^20.836 127 36 meters^29 feet^2
yard^30.764 554 86 meters^327 feet^3
yard^3764.554 857 984 liters201.974 gallons

Ìý